Consumo combinado de tabaco y cannabis: una revisión de los factores de riesgo familiares
- Isorna Folgar, Manuel
- Amatller Gutierrez, Otger
ISSN: 0213-7615
Any de publicació: 2017
Número: 42
Pàgines: 11-28
Tipus: Article
Altres publicacions en: Revista española de drogodependencias
Resum
The objective of this review has been the search and identification of variables and/or characteristics of family functioning that affect the consumption of tobacco and cannabis of the younger members of the family. Although there are several theories and models that explain the consumption of tobacco and cannabis (separately or jointly) by the youngest, family risk factors play a decisive role in the consumption of both substances. Discrimination among adolescents who consume more or less tobacco and cannabis is based on a family education without well-established norms, the existence of consumption of both substances by their parents, poor interaction with parents (especially with the mother), Low identification with parents and poor family cohesion. In addition, the family determines many of the biographical factors of adolescent life. As for gender differentiation, girls smoke more tobacco than boys often to cope with stress, the greater level of conflict with parents and even as an instrumental method to increase self-esteem. Boys smoke more cannabis, in most cases mixed with tobacco, for the perception of low danger and easy accessibility. Finally, the higher frequency of cannabis use is related to a higher frequency of tobacco use, and vice versa, ie, the consumption of any of the substances is a significant predictor of the consumption pattern of the other substance.
Referències bibliogràfiques
- Agrawal A.; Grant J.D.; Waldron M.; Duncan, A.E.; Scherrer, J.F.; Lynskey, ... Heath, A.C. (2006). Risk for initiation of substance use as a function of age of onset of cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use: Findings in a Midwestern female twin cohort. Preventive Medicine, 43, 125-128. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.03.022.
- Agrawal, A.; Budney, A.J. y Lynskey, M. (2012). The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review. Addiction, 107 (7), 1221-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012. 03837.x
- Aldington, S.; Harwood, M. y Cox, B. (2008). Cannabis use and risk of lung cáncer: a case control study. European Respiratory Journal, 31(2), 280-286.
- Aldington, S.; Williams, M.; Nowitz, M.; Weatherall, M.; Pritchard, A.; McNaughton, A.; ... y Beasley, R. (2007). Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms. Thorax, 62(12), 1058-1063.
- Alonso, J. M. y Becoña, E. (2003). La aparición de las “Grow Shop & Smartshop” y los nuevos cambios en el consumo de drogas: un estudio en sus usuarios. Adicciones, 15(3), 243-254.
- Ariza, C. y Nebot, M. (2002). Factors associated with smoking progression among Spanish adolescents. Health Education Research, 17(6), 750-60.
- Aubà, J. y Villalbí, J. (1993). Tabaco y adolescentes: influencia del entorno personal. Medicina Clínica, 100, 506-509.
- Badiani, A.; Boden, J.; De Pirro, S.; Fergusson, D.; Horwood, J.; y Harold, G. (2015). Tobacco smoking and cannabis use in a longitudinal birth cohort: Evidence of reciprocal causal relationships. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 150 , 69-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalc-dep.2015.02.015.
- Baggio, S.; Deline, S.; Studer, J.; Mohler-Kuo, M.; Daeppen, J. B. y Gmel, G. (2014). Routes of administration of cannabis used for nonmedical purposes and associations with patterns of drug use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(2), 235-240. doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.013.
- Becoña, E. (2000). Los adolescentes y el consumo de drogas. Papeles del psicólogo, 77, 25-32.
- Becoña, E. (2002). Bases científicas de la prevención de las drogodependencias. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
- Belanger, R.E.; Akre, C.; Kuntsche, E.; et al. (2011). Adding tobacco to cannabis-its frequency and likely implications. Nicotine Tob Res, 13, 746–50.
- Bragado, C. Bersabé, R. y Carrasco, I. (1999). Factores de riesgo para los trastornos conductuales, de ansiedad, depresivos y de eliminación en niños y adolescentes. Psicothema, 11(4), 939-956.
- Bramilla, C. y Colonna, M. (2008). Cannabis: The next villain on lung cancer battleld. European Respiratory Journal, 31(2) 227-228.
- Brook, J. S.; Lee, J. Y.; Finch, S. J. y Brown, E. N. (2010). Course of comorbidity of tobacco and marijuana use: Psycho- social risk factors. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(5), 474-482.
- Brook, J.; Kessler, R. y Cohen, P. (1999). The onset of marijuana use from preadolescence and early adolescence to Young adulthood. Development and psychopathology, 11, 901-14.
- Burkhart, G. (2011). Prevención ambiental de drogas en la Unión Europea. ¿Por qué es tan impopular este tipo de prevención? Adicciones, 23(2), 87-100.
- Butters, J.E. (2002). Family stressors and adolescent cannabis use: A pathway to problem use. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 645-654.
- Callaghan, R.; Allebeck, P. y Sidouchuk, A. (2013). Marihuana use and risk of lung cáncer: a 40 years cohort study. Cancer Causes & Control, 24(10), 1811-1820.
- Campins, M.; Gasch, J.; Hereu, P.; Rosselló, J.; y Vaqué, J. (1996). Consumo y actitudes de los adolescentes frente a sustancias adictivas: Encuesta de prevalencia. Anales de Pediatría, 45(5), 475-478.
- Coffey, C.; Lynskey, M.; Wolfe, R. y Patton G. (2000). Initiation and progression of cannabis use in a population-based Australian adolescent longitudinal study. Addiction, 95, 1679-90.
- Collins, R.L.; Ellickson, P.L. y Bell, R.M. (1998). Simultaneous polydrug use among teens: Prevalence and predictors. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10, 3, 233-253.
- Currie, C.; Zanotti, C.; Morgan, A.; et al. (2012). Social Determinants of Health and Well-Being among Young People. HBSC: International Report from the 2009/2010 Survey. (Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 6). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
- Dorius, C.; Bahr, S.; Hoffman, J. y Lovelady, E. (2004). Parenting practices as moderators of the relationship between peers and marijuana use. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 163-178.
- Dumoy, J. (1999). Los factores de riesgo. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr, 15(4), 446-52.
- Eitle, D. (2005). The moderating effects of peer substance use on the family structure-adolescent substance use association: Quantity versus quality of parenting. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 963-980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.09.015
- Elders, M.; Perry, C.; Eriksen, M. y Giovino, G. (1994). The report of the Surgeon General: preventing tobacco use among young people. American journal of public health, 84(4), 543-47.
- Fagan, P.; Brook, J.S.; Rubenstone, E. y Zhang, Ch. (2005). Parental occupation, education, and smoking as predictors of offspring tobacco use in adulthood: A longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 517-529.
- Filbey, F. M.; Schacht, J. P.; Myers, U. S.; Chavez, R. S. y Hutchison, K. E. (2009). Marijuana craving in the brain . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(31), 13016-13021. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903863106-
- Font-Mayolas, S.; Gras, M. y Planes, M. (2006). Análisis del patrón de consumo de cannabis en estudiantes universitarios. Adicciones, 18(4), 337-344.
- Galaif, E. R. y Newcomb, M. D. (1999). Predictors of polydrug use among four ethnic groups: A 12-year longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 24, 607-631.
- Gilvarry, E. (2000). Substance abuse in Young people. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 55-80.
- Gómez, P.; Romero, M.; Moragues, E.; Pedraz, M. y Morón, F. (2014). Adicción a cannabis: bases neurobiológicas y consecuencias médicas. Revista española de drogodependencias, 39(2), 9-29.
- Hall, W. y Degenhardt, L. (2009). Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. Lancet, 374, 1383-91.
- Hernández, I.; Sáenz, M. C. y González, R. (2010). Mortalidad atribuible al consumo de tabaco en España en 2006. Actas del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra, 33, 23-33.
- Hindocha, C.; Shaban, N. D.; Freeman, T. P.; Das, R. K., Gale, G.; Schafer, G., ... y Curran, H. V. (2015). Associations between cigarette smoking and cannabis dependence: a longitudinal study of young cannabis users in the United Kingdom. Drug and alcohol dependen ce, 148, 165-171. doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.004
- Hublet, A.; Bendtsen, P.; de Looze, M.; Fotiou, A.; Donnelly, P.; ... (2015). Trends in the co-occurrence of tobacco and cannabis use in 15-year-olds from 2002 to 2010 in 28 countries of Europe and North America. European Journal of Public Health, 25(2), 73–75.
- Hublet, A.; De Bacquer, D. y Valimaa, R. (2006). Smoking trends among adolescents from 1990 to 2002 in ten European countries and Canada.BMC Public Health, 6, 280.
- Inglés, C. J.; Delgado, B.; Bautista, R.; Torregrosa, M. S.; Espada, J. P.; García-Fernández, J. M.; ... y García-López, L. (2007). Factores psicosociales relacionados con el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes españoles. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7(2), 403-420.
- Isorna, M. y Amatller, O. (2015). Entendiendo el binomio cannabis-tabaco: Factores de riesgo familiares que favorecen el consumo de tabaco y cannabis. Proyecto EVICT: Síntesis, ideas clave y propuestas de acción. Hallado el 15 de enero 2017 en http://evictproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/EVICT_Sintesis-ideas-clave-y-propuestas-de-accion.pdf
- Isorna, M. y Felpeto, M. (2014). Evidencia científica y medidas preventivas para la reducción del consumo de cannabis durante la adolescencia. Revista Española de Drogodependencias, 39(1) 12-30.
- Jiménez, T.; Musitu, G. y Murgui, S. (2008). Funcionamiento familiar y consumo de sustancias en adolescentes: el rol mediador de la autoestima. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8(1), 139-151.
- Kandel, D. B.; Yamaguchi, K. y Chen, K. (1992). Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: further evidence for the gateway theory. Journal of studies on alcohol, 53(5), 447-457.
- Kandel, D.B.; Yamaguchi, K. y Klein L.C. (2006). Testing the gateway hypothesis. Addiction, 101 , 470–472. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01426.x
- Klesges, R.; Elliot, V. y Robinson, L. (1997). Chronic dieting and the belief that smoking controls body weight in a biracial, population-based adolescent sample. Tobacco Control, 6(2), 89-94.
- Kosterman, R.; Hawkins, J.; Guo, J.; Catalano, R. y Abbott, R. (2000). The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 360-6.
- Laespada, T.; Iraurgi, I. y Aróstegi, E. (2004). Factores de Riesgo y de Protección frente al Consumo de Drogas: Hacia un Modelo Explicativo del Consumo de Drogas en Jóvenes de la CAPV . Instituto Deusto de Drogodependencias (Universidad de Deusto).
- Lavielle, P.; Sánchez, P.; Pineda, V. y Amancio, O. (2012). Family characteristics impact on consumption of tobacco in adolescents. Rev Med Hosp Gen Méx, 75(2), 84-89.
- Martínez, A.; Sanz, M. y Cosgaya, L. (2006). Conflicto marital y consumo de drogas en los hijos. Adicciones, 18(1), 39-48.
- Martínez, J.M.; y Robles, L. (2001). Variables de protección ante el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes. Psicothema, 13(2), 222-228.
- McGee, R.; Williams, S.; Poulton, R. y Moffitt, T. (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction, 95, 491-503.
- Morojele, N. y Brook, J. (2000). Adolescent precursors of intensity of marijuana and other illicit drug use among adult initiators. The Journal of genetic psychology, 162(4), 430-450.
- Motrico, E.; Fuentes, M. y Bersabé, R. (2001). Discrepancias en la percepción de los conflictos entre padres e hijos/as a lo largo de la adolescencia. Anales de psicología, 17(1), 1-13.
- Muñoz-Rivas, M. y Graña, J. (2001). Factores familiares de riesgo y de protección para el consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Psicothema, 13(1), 87-94.
- Patton, G. C.; Coffey, C.; Carlin, J. B.; Sawyer, S. M. y Lynskey, M. (2005). Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence. Addiction, 100(10), 1518-1525.doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01220.x
- Patton, G.; Coffey, C.; Carlin, J.B.; Sawyer, S. y Lynskey, M. (2005). Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence. Addiction. 100 , 1518-1525. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01220.x.
- Peñafiel, E. (2009). Factores de riesgo y protección en grupos de adolescentes policonsumidores. Psicopatología Clínica Legal y Forense, 9, 63-84.
- Perkonigg, A.; Goodwin, R.D.; Fiedler, A, Behrendt, S.; Beesdo, K.; Lieb, R.; Wittchen, H.U. (2008). The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence during the first decades of life. Addiction, 103, 439-449. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02064.x
- Peters, E.; Budney, A. y Carroll, K. (2012). Clinical correlates of co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use: a systematic review. Addiction, 107, 1404-17.
- Pita, S.; Vila, M.T. y Carpente, J. (1997). Determinación de factores de riesgo. Cad. Aten Primaria, 4, 75-78.
- Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (PNSD) (2015). INFORME 2015: Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España. Hallado el 3 octubre 2016 en: http://www.pnsd.msssi.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas/pdf/INFORME_2015.pdf.
- Ream, G.; Benoit, E.; Johnson, B. y Dunlap, E. (2008). Smoking tobacco along with marijuana increases symptoms of cannabis dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend, 95, 199-208.
- Richter, K.; Kaur, H.; Resnicow, K.; Nazir, N.; Mosier, M.; Ahluwalia, J. (2005). Cigarette smoking among marijuana users in the United States. Substance Abuse, 25, 35-43.
- Sánchez, M.; Moreno, M.; Muñoz, M. y Pérez, P. (2007). Adolescencia, grupo de iguales y consumo de sustancias. Un estudio descriptivo y relacional. Apuntes de Psicología, 25(3), 305-324.
- Secades, R.; Fernández-Hermida, J. y Vallejo, G. (2005). Family risk factors for adolescent drug misuse in Spain.Journal of Child and Adolescent Drug Abuse, 14, 1-15.
- Seijo, D.; Fariña, F.; Corras, T.; Novo, M. y Arce, R. (2016) Estimating the Epidemiology and Quantifying the Damages of Parental Separation in Children and Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1611. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01611
- Séquier, A.; Stoebner, A.; Gourgou, S.; Bonifaci, C. y Sancho-Garnier, H. (2002). Métodos educativos en la prevención del tabaquismo, en escolares del Departamento del Herault, Francia. Salud pública de México, 44(1), 93-100. doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342002000700014.
- Sierra, D.; Pérez, M.; Pérez, A. y Núñez, M. (2005). Representaciones sociales en jóvenes consumidores y no consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas. Adicciones, 17(4), 349-360. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.365
- Tasic, D.; Budjanovac, A. y Mejovsek, M. (1997). Parent-child communication in behaviorall y disordered and «normal» adolescents. Psicothema, 9(3), 547-554.
- Taskin, D. (2005). Smoked marijuana as cause of lung injury Monaldi. Arch Chest , 63, 93-100.
- Tomeo, C.; Field, A.; Berkey, C.; Colditz, G. y Frazier, A. (1999). Weight concerns, weight control behaviors and smoking initiation. Pediatrics, 104 (4 Pt 1), 918-24.
- Valjent, E.; Mitchell, J.; Besson, M.; Caboche, J. y Maldonado, R. (2002). Behavioural and biochemical evidence for interactions between D9-tetrahydrocannabinol and nicotine. British Journal of Pharmacology, 135, 564.578. Doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704479.
- Varela, M.C. y Becoña, E. (2015). ¿El consumo de cigarrillos y alcohol se relaciona con el consumo de cánnabis y el juego problema en adolescentes españoles? Adicciones, 27(1), 8-16.
- Von Sydow, K.; Lieb, R.; Pfister, H.; Hofler, M. y Wittchen, H. (2002). What predicts incident use of cannabis and progression to abuse and dependence? A 4-year prospective examination of risk factors in a community sample of adolescents and young adults . Drug and alcohol dependence, 68(1), 49-64.
- Waldron, I. y Lye, D. (1990). Relationships of teenage smoking to educational aspirations and parents’ education. Journal of substance abuse, 2(2), 201-215.
- Westermeyer, J. (1996). Cultural factors in the control, prevention, and treatment of illicit drug use: The earthlings ́psychoactive trek. En W.K. Bicker y R.J. DeGrandpre (Eds.), Drug police and human nature. Psychological perspectives on the prevention, management, and treatment of illicit drug abuse (pp. 99-124). Nueva York: Plenum Press.
- World Health Organization WHO (2013) Prevalence of Tobacco Use. Available at: http://www.who.int/gho/tobacco/use/en/ (Fecha de acceso 25 Enero 2015).
- World Health Organization. (2008). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic. The MPower Packaged, 2008. Recuperado el 12 de septiembre de 2016, de http://www.who.int/ tobacco/mpower/mpower report full 2008.
- Zalakain, J. (2012). Un acercamiento sociológico al uso del cannabis en Euskadi: Consumo y percepciones sociales. Cannabis, usos, seguridad jurídica y políticas (pp. 55-73). Vitoria-Gasteiz: Ararteko.
- Zhao, X. y Harris, M. (2004). Demand for marijuana, alcohol and tobacco: Participation, levels of consumption and cross-equation correlations. Econ Rec, 80(251), 394-410.