Revisión comparativa de la brecha de ingresos entre el sector público y privado en Ecuador desde las políticas de equiparación

  1. Byron Quito 1
  2. Michelle López-Sánchez 1
  3. Pablo Ponce 1
  4. José Álvarez-García 2
  5. María de la Cruz del Río-Rama 3
  1. 1 Universidad Nacional de Loja, Ecuador
  2. 2 Universidad de Extremadura, España
  3. 3 María de la Cruz del Río-Rama
Revista:
Contaduría y administración

ISSN: 0186-1042 2448-8410

Año de publicación: 2021

Volumen: 66

Número: 4

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Contaduría y administración

Resumen

El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar la brecha salarial entre empleados del sector público y privado en Ecuador. La metodología utilizada es el método de Oaxaca y Blinder (método de descomposición). Los micro datos se obtienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU) del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticos y Censos (INEC) de los años 2008, 2013 y 2018. Los resultados obtenidos, sugieren la existencia de una brecha entre el sector público y privado, donde los salarios del sector público son relativamente más altos a los del privado. Además, la escolaridad y la experiencia influyen positivamente en los niveles de ingresos, siendo esta última el factor más determinante. La descomposición de las brechas de ingreso por sector muestra que la brecha salarial responde a diferencias en las dotaciones de capital humano y a componentes discriminatorios de la fuerza laboral. Las implicaciones de política van dirigidas a disminuir la brecha de ingreso público-privada. Estas deben ser orientadas a mejorar los niveles de formación y profesionalización de los trabajadores y a generar escenarios para la igualdad de oportunidades.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Afonso, A., y Gomes, P. (2014). Interactions between private and public sector wages. Journal of Macroeconomics, 39(PA), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.12.003
  • Antón, J.I., y de Bustillo, R.M. (2015). Public-private sector wage differentials in Spain. An updated picture in the midst of the Great Recession. Investigacion Economica, 74(292), 115–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inveco.2015.08.005
  • Antwi, J., y Phillips, D.C. (2013). Wages and health worker retention : Evidence from public sector wage reforms in Ghana. Journal of Development Economics, 102, 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.10.004
  • Aslam, M., y Kingdon, G. (2009). Public-private sector segmentation in the Pakistani labour market. Journal of Asian Economics, 20(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2008.06.001
  • Auricchio, M., Ciani, E., Dalmazzo, A., y Blasio, G. De. (2020). Redistributive public employment ? A test for the South of Italy. Economics Letters, 186, 108787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108787
  • Bargain, O., y Melly, B. (2008). Public Sector Pay Gap in France: New Evidence Using Panel Data. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp3427 (Consultado: 04/01/2020)
  • Basu, B. (2018). The role of behavioral choices in reducing wage inequality in developing countries. Economic Modelling, 75(November 2017), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.07.006
  • Becker, G. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (First). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Bender, K.A. (2003). Examining Equality between Publicand Private-Sector Wage Distributions. Economic Inquiry, 41(1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/41.1.62
  • Bermperoglou, D., Pappa, E., y Vella, E. (2017). The government wage bill and private activity. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 79, 21–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2017.03.006
  • Blackaby, D., Clark, K., Drinkwater, S., Leslie, D., Murphy, P., y O’Leary, N. (1999). Earnings and employment opportunities of disabled people. Department of Education and Employment, (133), 117.
  • Blinder, A.S. (1973). Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates. The Journal of Human Resources, 8(4), 436. https://doi.org/10.2307/144855
  • Burdett, K. (2012). Towards a theory of the labor market with a public sector. Labour Economics, 19(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2011.07.006
  • Buyse, T., Heylen, F., y Schoonackers, R. (2019). On the impact of public policies and wage formation on business investment in research and development , Economic Modelling, (September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. econmod.2019.09.022
  • Cai, L., y Liu, A. (2011). Public–Private Sector Wage Gap in Australia: Variation along the Distribution. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 49(2), 362–390. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:bla:brjirl:v:49:y:2011:i:2:p:362-390 (Consultado: 04/01/2020)
  • Callaway, B., y Collins, W.J. (2017). Unions , workers , and wages at the peak of the American labor movement. Explorations in Economic History, 000(August), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2017.08.003
  • Carrillo, P. (2004). Las diferencias salariales entre el sector público y privado en el Ecuador. Cuestiones Económicas, 20(2:3), 165–174.
  • Castagnetti, C., y Giorgetti, M.L. (2019). Understanding the gender wage-gap differential between the public and private sectors in Italy: A quantile approach. Economic Modelling, 78, 240–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.09.025
  • Castro Campos, B., Ren, Y., y Petrick, M. (2016). The impact of education on income inequality between ethnic minorities and Han in China. China Economic Review, 41(C), 253–267. Disponible en: https://econpapers. repec.org/RePEc:eee:chieco:v:41:y:2016:i:c:p:253-267 (Consultado: 05/02/2020)
  • Chaudhuri, S., Ghosh, A., y Banerjee, D. (2018). Can public subsidy on education necessarily improve wage inequality? International Review of Economics and Finance, 54(June 2017), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. iref.2017.08.005
  • Chen, Y., y Liu, Q. (2018). Public-sector wages and corruption: An empirical study. European Journal of Political Economy, 54, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.06.006
  • Christofides, L.N., y Michael, M. (2013). Exploring the public-private sector wage gap in European countries. IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9012-2-15
  • Christofides, L.N., y Pashardes, P. (2002). Self/paid-employment, public/private sector selection, and wage differentials. Labour Economics, 9(6), 737–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(02)00103-3
  • Danzer, N. (2019). Job satisfaction and self-selection into the public or private sector: Evidence from a natural experiment. Labour Economics, 57, 46–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.01.002
  • Démurger, S., Li, S., y Yang, J. (2012). Earnings differentials between the public and private sectors in China: Exploring changes for urban local residents in the 2000s. China Economic Review, 23(1), 138–153. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chieco.2011.08.007
  • Depalo, D., y Giordano, R. (2011). The public-private pay gap: a robust quantile approach. Disponible en: https:// ideas.repec.org/p/bdi/wptemi/td_824_11.html (Consultado: 10/02/2020)
  • Dickson, M., Postel-Vinay, F., y Turon, H. (2014). The lifetime earnings premium in the public sector: The view from Europe. Labour Economics, 31, 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2014.07.015
  • Disney, R., y Gosling, A. (2003). “A New Method for Estimating Public Sector Pay Premia: Evidence from Britain in the 1990’s”. CEPR Discussion Papers, (C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.), 3787.
  • do Monte, P.A. (2017). Public versus private sector: Do workers’ behave differently? EconomiA, 18(2), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2017.01.001
  • Doménech, R., García, J.R., y Ulloa, C. (2018). The effects of wage flexibility on activity and employment in Spain. Journal of Policy Modeling, 40(6), 1200–1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.08.002
  • Dustmann, C., y Van Soest, A. (1998). Public and private sector wages of male workers in Germany. European Economic Review, 42(8), 1417–1441. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:eecrev:v:42:y:1998:i:8:p:1417-1441 (Consultado: 11/01/2020)
  • Eitan, A., Herman, L., Fischhendler, I., y Rosen, G. (2019). Community–private sector partnerships in renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.058
  • Elliott, R. F., Ma, A.H., Scott, A., Bell, D., & Roberts, E. (2007). Geographically differentiated pay in the labour market for nurses. Journal of Health Economics, 26(1), 190-212.
  • Enikolopov, R. (2014). Politicians, bureaucrats and targeted redistribution. Journal of Public Economics, 120, 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.08.004
  • Faggio, G., y Overman, H. (2014). The effect of public sector employment on local labour markets. Journal of Urban Economics, 79(December 2011), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2013.05.002
  • Fontaine, I., Galvez-iniesta, I., Gomes, P., y Vila-martin, D. (2019). Labour market flows: Accounting for the public sector. Labour Economics, 101770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101770
  • Garcia-perez, J.I., y Jimeno, J.F. (2007). PUBLIC SECTOR WAGE GAPS IN SPANISH REGIONS. Manchester School, 75(4), 501–531. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:bla:manchs:v:75:y:2007:i:4 :p:501-531 (Consultado: 04/01/2020)
  • Gindling, T.H., Hasnain, Z., Newhouse, D., y Shi, R. (2019). Are public sector workers in developing countries overpaid? Evidence from a new global dataset. World Development, 126(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. worlddev.2019.104737
  • Giordano, R., Depalo, D., Coutinho Pereira, M., Eugène, B., Papapetrou, E., Pérez, J., … Roter, M. (2011). The public sector pay gap in a selection of Euro area countries. ECB Working Paper, (1406).
  • Hartog, J., y Oosterbeek, H. (1993). Public and private sector wages in the Netherlands. European Economic Review, 37(1), 97–114. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:eecrev:v:37:y:1993:i:1:p:97-114 (Consultado: 15/01/2020)
  • Heitmueller, A. (2006). Public-private sector pay differentials in a devolved Scotland. Journal of Applied Economics, 9, 295–323. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cem:jaecon:v:9:y:2006:n:2:p:295-323 (Consultado: 15/01/2020)
  • Hospido, L., y Moral-Benito, E. (2016). The public sector wage premium in Spain: Evidence from longitudinal administrative data. Labour Economics, 42(C), 101–122.
  • Ingusci, E., Callea, A., Chirumbolo, A., y Urbini, F. (2016). Job crafting and job satisfaction in a sample of italian teachers: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 9(4), 675–687. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20705948v9n4p675
  • Ingusci, E., Manuti, A., y Callea, A. (2016). Employability as mediator in the relationship between the meaning of working and job search behaviours during unemployment. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 9(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20705948v9n1p1
  • Ingusci, E., Palma, F., Giuseppe, M. C. De, y Iacca, C. (2016). Social and scholar integration and students satisfaction: The mediating role of career adaptability. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 9(4), 704–715. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20705948v9n4p704
  • Jaimovich, E., y Rud, J.P. (2014). Excessive public employment and rent-seeking traps. Journal of Development Economics, 106, 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.09.007
  • Jia, H. (2017). An evaluation of pension differentials between Chinese private and public sectors from perspective of protection and incentives over the lifecycle. China Economic Review, 44, 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chieco.2017.03.002
  • Jofre-Monseny, J., Silva, J.I., y Vázquez-Grenno, J. (2018). Local labor market effects of public employment. Regional Science and Urban Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.11.001
  • Katz, L.F., y Krueger, A.B. (1991). Changes in the structure of wages in the public and private sectors. Industrial Relations, (3667).
  • Lausev, J. (2014). What has 20 years of public-private pay gap literature told us? Eastern European transitioning vs. developed economies. Journal of Economic Surveys, 28(3), 516–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12039
  • Leping, K.O., y Toomet, O. (2008). Emerging ethnic wage gap: Estonia during political and economic transition. Journal of Comparative Economics, 36(4), 599–619.
  • Lovely, M.E., Liang, Y., y Zhang, H. (2019). Economic geography and inequality in China: Did improved market access widen spatial wage differences? China Economic Review, 54(2018), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chieco.2019.01.005
  • Lucadamo, A., Mancini, P., y Nifo, A. (2019). Household’s Consumer Behaviour: Economic Recession and Quality of Institution. The case of Italy. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 12(1), 277–302. https://doi. org/10.1285/i20705948v12n1p277
  • Lucifora, C., y Meurs, D. (2006). The public sector pay gap in France, Great Britain and Ttaly. Review of Income and Wealth, 52(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2006.00175.x
  • Maczulskij, T. (2013). Public-private sector wage differentials and the business cycle. Economic Systems, 37(2), 284–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2012.10.002
  • Mahuteau, S., Mavromaras, K., Richardson, S., y Zhu, R. (2017). Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials in Australia. Economic Record, 93, 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12334
  • Mata, J., y Machado, J.A. (2005). Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(4), 445–465. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/ RePEc:jae:japmet:v:20:y:2005:i:4:p:445-465 (Consultado: 21/02/2020)
  • Mayneris, F., Poncet, S., y Zhang, T. (2018). Improving or disappearing: Firm-level adjustments to minimum wages in China. Journal of Development Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.06.010
  • Melly, B. (2005). Decomposition of differences in distribution using quantile regression. Labour Economics, 12(4), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2005.05.006
  • Michael, M., y Christofides, L.N. (2020). The impact of austerity measures on the public private sector wage gap in Europe. Labour Economics, 63, 101796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101796
  • Mincer, J. (1974). “Schooling, Experience and Earnings” National Bureau of Economic Research. Columbia University Press.
  • Mizala, A., Romaguera, P., y Gallegos, S. (2011). Public-private wage gap in Latin America (1992-2007): A matching approach. Labour Economics, 18(SUPPL. 1), S115–S131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2011.08.004
  • Morikawa, M. (2016). A comparison of the wage structure between the public and private sectors in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 39, 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2016.01.004
  • Mueller, R.E. (1998). Public–private sector wage differentials in Canada: evidence from quantile regressions. Economics Letters, 60(2), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(98)00110-4
  • Nikolic, J. (2014). The effect of large-scale privatization on public sector pay gap in a transition economy. Economics of Transition, 22(4), 759–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12052
  • Nikolic, J., Rubil, I., y Tomić, I. (2017). Pre-crisis reforms, austerity measures and the public-private wage gap in two emerging economies. Economic Systems, 41(2), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.06.001
  • Nordman, C., Robilliard, A.S., y Roubaud, F. (2011). Gender and ethnic earnings gaps in seven West African cities. Labour Economics, 18(S1), S132–S145. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:labeco:v:18:y :2011:i:s1:p:s132-s145 (Consultado: 15/01/2020)
  • O’Gorman, M. (2010). Educational disparity and the persistence of the black-white wage gap in the U.S. Economics of Education Review, 29(4), 526–542. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:ecoedu:v:29:y:2010:i:4:p:526-542 (Consultado: 15/01/2020)
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review, 14(3), 693. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525981
  • Oaxaca, R.L., y Ransom, M.R. (1994). On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials. Journal of Econometrics, 61(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)90074-4
  • Panizza, U. (2001). Public Sector Wages and Bureaucratic Quality: Evidence from Latin America. Economía, 2(1), 97–139. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2001.0015
  • Panizza, U., y Qiang, C.Z.W. (2005). Public-private wage differential and gender gap in Latin America: Spoiled bureaucrats and exploited women? Journal of Socio-Economics, 34(6), 810–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socec.2005.07.022
  • Papapetrou, E. (2006). The Public-Private Sector Pay Differential in Greece. Public Finance Review, 34(4), 450– 473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142106288998
  • Pederson, P.J., Schmidt-Sørensen, J.B., Smith, N., & Westergård-Nielsen, N. (1990). Wage differentials between the public and private sectors. Journal of Public Economics, 41(1), 125-145.
  • Poterba, J., y Rueben, K. (1994). The Distribution of Public Sector Wage Premia: New Evidence Using Quantile Regression Methods. Cambridge, MA. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4734
  • Rathelot, R. (2014). Ethnic differentials on the labor market in the presence of asymmetric spatial sorting: Set identification and estimation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 48, 154–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. regsciurbeco.2014.06.007
  • Rattso, J., y Stokke, H.E. (2019). Identification of the private-public wage gap. Labour Economics. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.04.006
  • Reder, M. (1975). The Theory of Employment and Wages in the Public Sector. En Labor in the Public and Nonprofit Sectors (pp. 1–48). Princeton University Press. Disponible en: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0wq0.4 (Consultado: 22/01/2020)
  • Rees, H., y Shuh, A. (1995). Public-private sector wage differential in the U.K. The Manchester School, 63(1), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1995.tb00268.x
  • Robinson, J. A., Torvik, R., y Verdier, T. (2017). The political economy of public income volatility: With an application to the resource curse. Journal of Public Economics, 145, 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.11.014
  • Saari, M.Y., Rahman, M.A.A., Hassan, A., y Habibullah, M.S. (2016). Estimating the impact of minimum wages on poverty across ethnic groups in Malaysia. Economic Modelling, 54, 490–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. econmod.2016.01.028
  • Sanhueza, G.D. (2017). El Estado como empleador. Características del empleo público en Chile (Estudio Exploratorio). Facultad Latin oamericana de Cien cias Sociales., (December), 141–172.
  • Schultz, T.W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1–17.
  • Shahen, M., Kotani, K., y Kakinaka, M. (2019). Wage and labor mobility between public, formal private and informal private sectors in Egypt. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2019-4 (Consultado: 19/02/2020)
  • Shahen, M., Kotani, K., y Saijo, T. (2020). How do individuals behave in the intergenerational sustainability dilemma? A strategy method experiment. Disponible en: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2020-1 (Consultado: 04/01/2020)
  • Singleton, C. (2019). The public–private sector wage differential in the UK: Evidence from longitudinal employer– employee data. Economics Letters, 174, 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.11.005
  • Smith, S.P. (1976). Government wage differentials by sex. Journal of Human Resources, 185-199. Smith, S.P. (1977). Government wage differentials. Journal of Urban Economics, 4(3), 248-271.
  • Tansel, A., Dalgıç, B., y Güven, A. (2019). Wage Inequality and Wage Mobility in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 142(1), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1908-1
  • Tansel, A., Keskin, H.I., y Ozdemir, Z.A. (2020). Is there an informal employment wage penalty in Egypt? Evidence from quantile regression on panel data. Empirical Economics, 58(6), 2949–2979. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00181-019-01651-2
  • Telegdy, Á. (2018). Public wage spillovers: The role of individual characteristics and employer wage policies. Labour Economics, 55, 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.008
  • Valasek, J. (2018). Dynamic reform of public institutions : A model of motivated agents and collective reputation. Journal of Public Economics, 168, 94–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.10.005
  • Van Ophem, H. (1993). A Modified Switching Regression Model for Earnings Differentials Between the Public and Private Sectors in the Netherlands. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(2), 215. https://doi. org/10.2307/2109426
  • Vick, B., y Fontanella, G. (2017). Gender, race yamp; the veteran wage gap. Social Science Research, 61, 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.07.005
  • Vilerts, K. (2018). The public–private sector wage gap in Latvia. Baltic Journal of Economics, 18(1), 25–50. https:// doi.org/10.108