Abordaje y actualización sobre el consumo de cannabis en la población española

  1. Isorna
Revista:
Revista española de drogodependencias

ISSN: 0213-7615

Ano de publicación: 2022

Título do exemplar: Abordaje y actualización sobre el consumo de cannabis en la población española

Número: 47

Páxinas: 5-16

Tipo: Artigo

Outras publicacións en: Revista española de drogodependencias

Resumo

El cannabis continúa siendo la sustancia ilegal más consumida tanto en España, como en el conjunto de los países de la Unión Europea. Se estima que más de 22 millones de adultos europeos han consumido cannabis en el último año, el 1% de los adultos europeos prácticamente a diario, siendo ese porcentaje en el caso de España más del doble (2,1%) (Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías, 2022).

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Calakos, K. C., Bhatt, S., Foster, D. W. y Cosgrove, K. P. (2017). Mechanisms underlying sex differences in cannabis use. Current addiction reports, 4(4), 439–453. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40429-017-0174-7
  • Chabrol, H., Massot, E., Montovany, A., Chouicha, K. y Armitage, J. (2002). Modes de consommation, représentations du cannabis et dépendance: Étude de 159 adolescents consommateurs. Archives de Pédiatrie, 9, 780-788. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0929-693X(01)00989-7
  • Chabrol, H., Roura, C. y Armitage, J. (2003). Bongs, a method of using cannabis linked to dependence. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 709-709. https://doi. org/10.1177/070674370304801011
  • Clausen, L., Hjorthøj, C. R., Thorup, A., Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Bertelsen, M. y Nordentoft, M. (2014). Change in cannabis use, clinical symptoms and social functioning among patients with first-episode psychosis: a 5-year follow-up study of patients in the OPUS trial. Psychological Medicine, 44(1), 117-126. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0033291713000433
  • Colizzi, M. y Bhattacharyya, S. (2017). Does cannabis composition matter? Differential effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human cognition. Current Addiction Reports, 4, 62-74. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40429-017-0142-2
  • Darawshy, F., Abu, A., Kuint, R. y Berkman, N. (2021). Waterpipe smoking: A review of pulmonary and health effects. European Respiratory Review: An Official Journal of the European Respiratory Society, 30. https://doi. org/10.1183/16000617.0374-2020
  • Davis, C. y Fattore, L. (2015). Gender differences in cannabis addiction and dependence. En P. Campolongo y L. Fattore (Eds.), Cannabinoid modulation of emotion, memory, and motivatio (pp. 283-325). Springer.
  • Davis, G. P., Compton, M. T., Wang, S., Levin, F. R. y Blanco, C. (2013). Association between cannabis use, psychosis, and schizotypal personality disorder: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Schizophrenia research, 151(1-3), 197-202. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.018
  • Di Forti, M., Quattrone, D., Freeman, T. P., Tripoli, G., Gayer-Anderson, C., Quigley, H., ... & van der Ven, E. (2019). The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(5), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2215-0366(19)30048-3
  • Di Forti, M., Sallis, H., Allegri, F., Trotta, A., Ferraro, L., Stilo, S. A., Marconi, A., La Cascia, C., Reis Marques, T., Pariante, C., Dazzan, P., Mondelli, V., Paparelli, A., Kolliakou, A., Prata, D., Gaughran, F., David, A. S., Morgan, C., Stahl, D., Khondoker, M., … Murray, R. M. (2014). Daily use, especially of high-potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users. Schizophrenia bulletin, 40(6), 1509–1517. https://doi.org/10.1093/ schbul/sbt181
  • Ehlers, C. L., Gizer, I. R., Vieten, C., Gilder, D. A., Stouffer, G. M., Lau, P. y Wilhelmsen, K. C. (2010). Cannabis dependence in the San Francisco Family Study: age of onset of use, DSM-IV symptoms, withdrawal, and heritability. Addictive behaviors, 35(2), 102-110.
  • ElSohly, M. A., Mehmedic, Z., Foster, S., Gon, C., Chandra, S. y Church, J.C. (2016). Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): Analysis of current data in the United States. Biological Psychiatry, 79, 613- 619. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.004
  • García-Couceiro, N., Isorna, M., Braña, T., Varela, J., Gandoy-Crego, M. y Rial, A. (2022). El uso de la cachimba entre los adolescentes. Posibles implicaciones y variables asociadas. Adicciones. http:// dx.doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1744
  • Goldsmith, R. S., Targino, M. C., Fanciullo, G. J., Martin, D. W., Hartenbaum, N. P., White, J. M. y Franklin, P. (2015). Medical marijuana in the workplace: Challenges and management options for occupational physicians. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57, 518. https://doi.org/10.1097/ JOM.0000000000000454
  • Grevenstein, D., Nagy, E. y Kroeninger-Jungaberle, H. (2015). Development of risk perception and substance use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis among adolescents and emerging adults: evidence of directional influences. Substance Use & Misuse, 50, 376–386. https://doi.org/10.3109/1 0826084.2014.984847
  • Haas, A. L. y Peters, R. H. (2000). Development of substance abuse problems among drug-involved offenders: Evidence for the telescoping effect. Journal of substance abuse, 12(3), 241-253.
  • Hall, W., Degenhardt, L. y Teesson, M. (2009). Reprint of “Understanding comorbidity between substance use, anxiety and affective disorders: Broadening the research base”. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 795-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. addbeh.2009.03.040
  • Hancock-Allen, J. B., Barker, L., VanDyke, M. y Holmes, D. B. (2015). Death following ingestion of an edible marijuana product—Colorado, March 2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64, 771. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr. mm6428a6
  • Hart-Hargrove, L. C. y Dow-Edwards, D. L. (2012). Withdrawal from THC during adolescence: sex differences in locomotor activity and anxiety. Behavioural Brain Research, 231, 48–59. https://10.1016/j. bbr.2012.02.048
  • Hazekamp, A., Ware, M. A., Muller-Vahl, K. R., Abrams, D. y Grotenhermen, F. (2013). The medicinal use of cannabis and cannabinoids—an international cross-sectional survey on administration forms. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45, 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/0279 1072.2013.805976
  • Hemsing, N. y Greaves, L. (2020). Gender norms, roles and relations and cannabisuse patterns: a scoping review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(3), 947. https://doi. org/org/10.3390/ijerph17030947
  • Hernandez-Avila, C. A., Rounsaville, B. J. y Kranzler, H. R. (2004). Opioid-, cannabisand alcohol-dependent women show more rapid progression to substance abuse treatment. Drug and alcohol dependence, 74(3), 265-272.
  • Herrmann, E. S., Weerts, E. y Vandrey, R. (2015). Gender differences in cannabis withdrawal symptoms among treatmentseeking cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 100(156), e95.
  • Hindley, G., Beck, K., Borgan, F., Ginestet, C. E., McCutcheon, R., Kleinloog, D., ... & Howes, O. D. (2020). Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 344-353.
  • Isorna, M. y Arias, F. (2022). Una aproximación al panorama actual de las nuevas formas de consumo de drogas. Adicciones, 34, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.20882/ adicciones.1787
  • Isorna, M., Villanueva, V., Veiga, S. y Otero, M. (2020). Formas de consumo del cannabis: Características, riesgos y daños asociados. En M. Isorna, A. Rial y V. Villanueva (Eds.), Cannabis: Evidencia científica vs controversia social (pp. 59-101). Dykinson, S.L
  • Legleye, S., Karila, L., Beck, F. y Reynaud, M. (2007). Validation of the CAST, a general population Cannabis Abuse Screening Test. Journal of substance use, 12(4), 233-242. https://doi. org/10.1080/14659890701476532
  • Legleye, S., Piontek, D. y Kraus, L. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) in a French sample of adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113, 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.011
  • López-Pelayo, H., De Montagut, L. M., Kögel, C. C. y Oliveró, M. B. (2018). Posverdad del consumo de cannabis: de regreso a la medicina basada en la evidencia Posttruth Cannabis use: back to evidencebased medicine. Adicciones, 30(4), 237- 242. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.30.4
  • Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M. y Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42, 1262-1269. https:// doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003
  • Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S., … Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the Nacional Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, E2657-E2664. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1206820109
  • Míguez M.C. y Permuy B. (2017) Características del alcoholismo en mujeres. Revista Facultad de Medicina, 65, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed. v65n1.57482
  • Murray, R. M., Quigley, H., Quattrone, D., Englund, A. y Di Forti, M. (2016). Traditional marijuana, high-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: Increasing risk for psychosis. World Psychiatry, 15, 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20341
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [NASEM] (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625
  • Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones. (2022a). Informe 2022. Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España. Ministerio de Sanidad. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, 293p. https://pnsd.sanidad.gob. es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/ informesEstadisticas/pdf/2022OEDAINFORME.pdf
  • Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones. (2022b). Monografía Cannabis 2022. Consumo y consecuencias. Ministerio de Sanidad. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
  • Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías (2022). Informe Europeo sobre Drogas 2022: Tendencias y novedades. Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea.
  • Oeltmann, J. E., Oren, E., Haddad, M. B., Lake, L. K., Harrington, T. A., Ijaz, K. y Narita, M. (2006). Tuberculosis outbreak in marijuana users, Seattle, Washington, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12, 1156. https://doi.org/10.3201/ eid1207.051436
  • Olano, E., Lozano, A., Guàrdia, M. G., Ogué, M. C. P., Isorna, M. y Arnedillo, J. J. M. (2020). ¿Por qué y cómo tener en cuenta al cannabis en nuestros pacientes fumadores? Atención Primaria, 52(1), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aprim.2018.05.014
  • Orr, C., Spechler, P., Cao, Z., Albaugh, M., Chaarani, B., Mackey, S., ... y Garavan, H. (2019). Grey matter volume differences associated with extremely low levels of cannabis use in adolescence. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(10), 1817-1827. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0269881119841568
  • Papaseit, E., Pérez-Mañá, C., Pérez-Acevedo, A. P., Hladun, O., Torres-Moreno, M. C., Muga, R., ... & Farre, M. (2018). Cannabinoids: from pot to lab. International journal of medical sciences, 15(12), 1286. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.27087
  • Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Sawyer, S. M. y Lynskey, M. (2005). Reverse gateways? Frequent cannabis use as a predictor of tobacco initiation and nicotine dependence. Addiction, 100(10), 1518- 1525.
  • Perlman, D. C., Perkins, M. P., Paone, D., Kochems, L., Salomon, N., Friedmann, P. y Des Jarlais, D. C. (1997). “Shotgunning” as an illicit drug smoking practice. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 14, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740- 5472(96)00182-1
  • Piazza, N. J., Vrbka, J. L. y Yeager, R. D. (1989). Telescoping of alcoholism in women alcoholics. International Journal of the Addictions, 24(1), 19-28.
  • Pinto, J. V., Medeiros, L. S., da Rosa, G. S., de Oliveira, C. E. S., de Souza Crippa, J. A., Passos, I. C. y Kauer-Sant’Anna, M. (2019). The prevalence and clinical correlates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review with metaanalysis and meta-regression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 101, 78-84.
  • Potter, D. J., Hammond, K., Tuffnell, S., Walker, C. y Di Forti, M. (2018). Potency of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids in cannabis in England in 2016: Implications for public health and pharmacology. Drug Testing and Analysis, 10, 628-635. https://doi.org/10.1002/ dta.2368
  • Power RA, Verweij KJ, Zuhair M, Montgomery GW, Henders AK, Heath AC, et al. (2014). Genetic predisposition to schizophrenia associated with increased use of cannabis. Mol Psychiatry, 19(11), 1201-1204. https://doi.org/10.1038/ mp.2014.51
  • Raber, J. C., Elzinga, S. y Kaplan, C. (2015). Understanding dabs: Contamination concerns of cannabis concentrates and cannabinoid transfer during the act of dabbing. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 40, 797-803. https://doi.org/10.2131/ jts.40.797
  • Ramos, J. (2017). Efectos terapéuticos de los cannabinoides. Instituto universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
  • Rial, A., Burkhart, G., Isorna, M., Barreiro, C., Varela, J. y Golpe, S. (2019). Consumo de cannabis entre adolescentes: patrón de riesgo, implicaciones y posibles variables explicativas [Cannabis use among adolescents: risk pattern, implications and possible explicative variables]. Adicciones, 31(1), 64–77. https://doi. org/10.20882/adicciones.1212
  • Rial, A., García-Couceiro, N., Gómez, P., Mallah, N., Varela, J., Flórez-Menéndez, G. y Isorna, M. (2022). Psychometric properties of CAST for early detection of problematic cannabis use in Spanish adolescents. Addictive behaviors, 129, 107288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. addbeh.2022.107288
  • Santos-Álvarez, I., Pérez-Lloret, P., GonzálezSoriano, J. y Pérez-Moreno, M. (2021). Aproximación a la evaluación de la potencia de la resina de cannabis en Madrid: ¿Un riesgo para la salud? Adicciones. https:// doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1630
  • Schlienz, N. J., Budney, A. J., Lee, D. C. y Vandrey, R. (2017). Cannabis withdrawal: A review of neurobiological mechanisms and sex differences. Current Addiction Reports, 4, 75–81. https://doi. org/10.1007/s40429-017-0143-1
  • Sherman, B. J., Baker, N. L. y McRae-Clark, A. L. (2016). Gender differences in cannabis use disorder treatment: change readiness and taking steps predict worse cannabis outcomes for women. Addictive behaviors, 60, 197-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. addbeh.2016.04.014
  • Stephens, D., Patel, J. K., Angelo, D. y Frunzi, J. (2020). Cannabis butane hash oil dabbing induced lung injury mimicking atypical pneumonia. Cureus, 12. https://doi. org/10.7759/cureus.7033
  • Stogner, J. M. y Miller, B. L. (2015). The dabbing dilemma: A call for research on butane hash oil and other alternate forms of cannabis use. Substance Abuse, 36, 393- 395. https://doi.org/10.1080/0889707 7.2015.1071724
  • Tetrault, J. M. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 221. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221
  • Volkow, N. D., Swanson, J. M., Evins, A. E., DeLisi, L. E., Meier, M. H., González, R.,… Baler, R. (2016). Effects of cannabis use on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, and psychosis: A review. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 292-297. https:// doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411228111
  • Welsh, C., Goldberg, R., Tapscott, S., Medoff, D., Rosenberg, S. y Dixon, L. (2012). “Shotgunning” in a population of patients with severe mental illness and comorbid substance use disorders. The American Journal on Addictions, 21, 120- 125. https:///doi.org/10.1111/j.1521- 0391.2011.00201.x
  • Wiers, C. E., Shokri-Kojori, E., Wong, C. T., Abi-Dargham, A., Demiral, Ş. B., Tomasi, D., ... & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Cannabis abusers show hypofrontality and blunted brain responses to a stimulant challenge in females but not in males. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(10), 2596-2605.
  • World Health Organization (2016). Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (The). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ publications/i/item/9789241510240