Enfoque de las primeras comunicaciones gubernamentales sobre COVID-19 en países de Evaprop
- Carretón-Ballester, Carmen 1
- Fernández-Souto, Ana Belén 2
- Almansa-Martínez, Ana 3
- 1 Universidad de Alicante (España)
- 2 Universidad de Vigo (España)
- 3 Universidad de Málaga (España)
ISSN: 0719-3661
Year of publication: 2024
Issue Title: General Issues: Cuadernos.info celebrates its 40th anniversary
Issue: 59
Pages: 94-117
Type: Article
More publications in: Cuadernos.Info
Abstract
The communication of those responsible for managing the COVID-19 crisis was largely improvised and constantly changing, especially in the initial phase. This article analyzes the global and comparative communication approach during the first official statements of the governments of the Evaprop Network countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Spain, Mexico and Panama), following two key moments of the World Health Organization communication in the evolution of the health crisis. To this end, we applied content analysis to the public relations techniques used: press releases about the new coronavirus (first milestone, January 2020) and press conferences about COVID-19 after it was declared a global pandemic (second milestone, March 2020). The results provide an overview of the topics covered and the approach taken overall and by each country at both milestones. In addition to the different thematic interest and approach at the two points in time, the biggest differences can be found in the messages announced at the press conferences of the main leaders.
Bibliographic References
- Abbasi, K. (2020). Covid-19: politicisation, "corruption" and suppression of science. BMJ, 371, 4425. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4425
- Abuin-Vences, N., Sierra-Sánchez, J., Mañas-Viniegra, L., & Núñez-Gómez, P. (2020). Tratamiento informativo de la pandemia del coronavirus en los medios digitales españoles. (Coronavirus pandemic news coverage in spanish digital media). Hipertext. net, (21), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2020.i21.02
- Agencia EFE. (2020, March 24). Bolsonaro llama a la COVID-19 "gripecita" y cuestiona el confinamiento (Bolsonaro calls COVID-19 "gripecita" and questions confinement) (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYcPp1ZFETA
- Anwar, A., Malik, M., Raees V. & Anwar, A. (2020) Role of Mass Media and Public Health Communications in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cureus 12(9), e10453. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10453
- Bachmann, I., Valenzuela, S., & Figueroa-Bustos, A. (2021). COVID-19 in Chile. A Health Crisis amidst a Political Crisis amidst a Social Crisis. In P. Van Aelst & J. G. Blumler (Eds.), Political Communication in the Time of Coronavirus (pp. 48-64). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003170051-5
- Breznau, N. (2020, August 20). Science by press conference: what the Heinsberg COVID-19 Study shows about the dangers of fast and open science. LSE. https://lc.cx/W-fMvO
- Carretón-Ballester, C. & Lorenzo-Sola, F. (2022). Las relaciones públicas en la comunicación de la Guardia Civil durante la COVID-19 (Public relations in Civil Guard communication during COVID-19). Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas,12(24),153-176. https://doi.org/10.5783/revrrpp.v12i24.770
- Castillo-Esparcia, A., Fernández-Souto, A. B., & Puentes-Rivera, I. (2020). Comunicación política y Covid-19. Estrategias del Gobierno de España (Political communication and Covid-19. Strategies of the Government of Spain). Profesional De La Información, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.19
- Chen, C. C., Tseng, C. Y., Choi, W. M., Lee, Y. C., Su, T. H., Hsieh, C. Y., Chang, C. M., Weng, S. L., Liu, P. H., Tai, Y. L., & Lin, C. Y. (2020). Taiwan Government-Guided Strategies Contributed to Combating and Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers Public Health, 8, 547423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.547423
- Costa-Sánchez, C. & López-García, X. (2020). Comunicación y crisis del coronavirus en España. Primeras lecciones. (Communication and coronavirus crisis in Spain. First lessons). Profesional De La Información, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.04
- El País. (2020, March 11). La OMS declara el coronavirus pandemia. (WHO declares coronavirus pandemic) (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSVqoqY4qmI
- El País. (2020, March 18). Declaran estado de emergencia en #COLOMBIA. (State of emergency declared in #COLOMBIA) (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ciCETpyLxQ
- Gobierno de Argentina. (2020, January 23). Tenemos la capacidad de reacción y estamos en vigilancia absoluta ante la situación mundial. (We have the capacity to react and we are absolutely vigilant to the global situation) (Press release). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ noticias/tenemos-la-capacidad-de-reaccion-y-estamos-en-vigilancia-absoluta-antesituacion-mundial-de 23 enero 2020
- Gobierno de España. (2020, March 14). El Gobierno decreta el estado de alarma para hacer frente a la expansión de coronavirus COVID-19. (The government decrees a state of alarm to deal with the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus) (Press conference). https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/ consejodeministros/resumenes/Paginas/2020/14032020_alarma.aspx
- Gobierno de México. (2020, March 30). #ConferenciaDePrensa: #Coronavirus #COVID19 #QuédateEnCasaYa (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phT6x-a52XU&t=1s
- Grunig, J. & Hunt, T. (2000). Managing Public Relations. Gestión 2000.
- Guix Oliver, J. (2008). El análisis de contenidos: ¿qué nos están diciendo? (Content analysis: what is it telling us?) Revista Calidad Asistencial, 23(1), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1134-282X(08)70464-0
- Habib, H. (2020). Has Sweden’s controversial covid-19 strategy been successful? BMJ, 369, 2407. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2407
- Hyland-Wood, B., Gardner, J., Leask, J., & Ecker, UKH. (2021). Toward Effective Government Communication Strategies in the Era of COVID-19. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(30). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00701-w
- Ibarra-Nava, I., Cárdenas-de la Garza, J. A., Ruiz-Lozano, R. E. & Salazar-Montalvo, R. G. (2020). Mexico and the COVID-19 Response. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(4), e17-e18. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.260
- La Nación Costa Rica. (2020, March 17). Coronavirus en Costa Rica: gobierno decreta estado de emergencia nacional (Coronavirus in Costa Rica: government decrees national state of emergency) (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNu7qLOHGkU
- La Prensa. (2020, March 13). Gobierno decreta estado de emergencia nacional por coronavirus (Government decrees national state of emergency due to coronavirus) (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhaqMwSwz3I
- Mahase, E. (2020). Covid-19: Trump threatens to stop funding WHO amid “China-centric” claims. BMJ, 369, 1438. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1438
- McManus, S., D'Ardenne, J., & Wessely, S. (2022). Covid conspiracies: misleading evidence can be more damaging than no evidence at all. Psychological Medicine, 52(3), 597-598. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002184
- Malecki, K. M., Keating, J. A., & Safdar, N. (2021). Crisis Communication and Public Perception of COVID-19 Risk in the Era of Social Media. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(4), 697–702. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa758
- Manfredi Sánchez, J. L., Amado Suárez, A., & Waisbord, S. (2021). Twitter presidencial ante la COVID-19: Entre el populismo y la política pop (Presidential Twitter in the face of COVID-19: Between populism and pop politics). Comunicar: revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, 66, 83-94. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-07
- Ministerio de Salud. Gobierno de Chile. (2020, January 23). Brote de Nuevo Coronavirus (2019nCoV) en China (New Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China) (Press release). https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PPT-Coronavirus-prensa_final.pdf
- Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Gobierno de Colombia. (2020, January 22). Precisiones con relación al Coronavirus (nCoV) detectado en Asia (Details on the Coronavirus (nCoV) detected in Asia) (Press release). https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/Comunicado-de-prensaM.aspx
- Ministerio de Salud. Gobierno de Costa Rica. (2020, January 20). Autoridades de salud trabajan en seguimiento de alerta sanitaria internacional por nuevo coronavirus en China (Health authorities work to follow up on international health alert over new coronavirus in China) (Press release). https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/index.php/prensa/42noticias-2020/380-autoridades-de-salud-trabajan-en-seguimiento-de-alerta-sanitariainternacional-por-nuevo-coronavirus-en-china
- Ministerio de Salud. Gobierno de la República de Panamá. (2020, January 20). Alerta ante la presencia del coronavirus en la ciudad de Wuhan (China) (Coronavirus alert in Wuhan city (China) (Press release). https://www.minsa.gob.pa/noticia/alerta-ante-la-presenciadel-coronavirus-en-la-ciudad-de-wuhan-china
- Ministerio de Sanidad. Gobierno de España. (2020a, January 22). Salvador Illa destaca el papel del servicio de Sanidad Exterior para evitar riesgos en la salud pública (Salvador Illa stresses the role of the Foreign Health Service in preventing public health risks) (Press release). https://www.sanidad.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa.do?id=4770
- Ministerio de Sanidad. Gobierno de España. (2020b, January 23). Ministerio de Salud informa medidas preventivas por brote de nuevo coronavirus en China (Health Ministry reports preventive measures due to outbreak of new coronavirus in China). (Press conference). https://www.minsal.cl/ministerio-de-salud-informa-medidas-preventivas-por-brotede-nuevo-coronavirus-en-china/
- Ministério da Saúde. Governo do Brasil. (2020a, January 22). O Ministério da Saúde informa que, até o momento, não há no Brasil caso suspeito de contaminação com o coronavírus da China (The Ministry of Health reports that, to date, there are no suspected cases of contamination with the Chinese coronavirus in Brazil). (Attached image) (Status posting). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=3151293121555949&set=a.205936522758305
- Ministério da Saúde. Governo do Brasil. (2020b, January 22). Ministério da Saúde esclarece dúvidas sobre coronavírus (Ministry of Health clarifies doubts about coronavirus) (Press release). https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2020/janeiro/ministerioda-saude-esclarece-duvidas-sobre-coronavirus
- Ministério da Saúde. Governo do Brasil. (2020c, January 23). Brasil prepara rede de saúde para novo coronavírus (Brazil prepares health network for new coronavirus) (Press release). https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2020/janeiro/brasil-prepara-redede-saude-para-novo-coronavirus
- Moss, S. M. & Sandbakken, E. M. (2021). Everybody Needs to Do Their Part, So We Can Get This Under Control. Reactions to the Norwegian Government Meta-Narratives on COVID-19 Measures. Political Psychology 42(5), 881-898. https://doi.org/10.1111/ pops.12727
- Ng, R., Chow, T. Y. J., Yang, W. (2021). News media narratives of Covid-19 across 20 countries: Early global convergence and later regional divergence. PLOS ONE 16(9), e0256358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256358
- Niburski, K. & Niburski, O. (2020). Impact of Trump's Promotion of Unproven COVID-19 Treatments and Subsequent Internet Trends: Observational Study. Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e20044. https://doi.org/10.2196/20044
- Núñez-Gómez, P., Abuín-Vences, N., Sierra-Sánchez, J., & Mañas-Viniegra, L. (2020). El enfoque de la prensa española durante la crisis del COVID-19. Un análisis del framing a través de las portadas de los principales diarios de tirada nacional (The Spanish press approach throughout the COVID-19 crisis. An analysis of framing through the front pages of the main national newspapers). Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 78, 41-63. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1468
- Prabowo, R. & Thelwall, M. (2009). Sentiment analysis: A combined approach. Journal of Infometrics, 3(2), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2009.01.003
- Qiu, W., Chu, C., Hou, X., Rutherford, S., Zhu, B., Tong, Z. & Mao, A. (2018). A comparison of China’s risk communication in response to SARS and H7N9 using principles drawn from international practice. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 12(5), 587-598. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.114
- Real Academia Española. (n.d.). Crisis (Crisis). https://dle.rae.es/crisis
- Rodrigues, U. M. & Xu, J. (2020). Regulation of COVID-19 fake news infodemic in China and India. Media International Australia, 177(1), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20948202
- Rojo Martínez, J., Moreno Moreno, S., & Soler Contreras, A. (2020). La figura del portavoz en la comunicación de una crisis sanitaria: el caso del gobierno español durante la COVID-19 (The speaker figure in the communication of a health crisis: the case of the spanish government during the COVID-19). Revista de Comunicación y Salud, 10(2), 397-416. https://doi.org/10.35669/rcys.2020.10(2).397-416
- Scoones, I. (2020). Science, uncertainty and the Covid-19 response. European University Institute. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/66917
- Secretaría de Salud. Gobierno de México. (2020, 22 January). 015. Acciones de preparación y respuesta ante nuevo coronavirus (2019- nCoV) para la protección de la salud en México (New Coronavirus (2019- nCoV) preparedness and response actions for health protection in Mexico) (Press release). https://www.gob.mx/salud/prensa/015-acciones-depreparacion-y-respuesta-ante-nuevo-coronavirus-2019-ncov-para-la-proteccion-de-lasalud-en-mexico?idiom=es
- Sultan, S. & Rapi, M. (2020). Positive Discourse Analysis of the Indonesian Government Spokesperson's Discursive Strategies during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Language Studies 20(4), 251-272. https://ejournal.ukm.my/gema/article/view/40056
- Tay, D. (2022). Covid-19 press conferences across time: World Health Organization vs. Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In A. Mussolff, R. Breeze, & S. Vilar-Lluch (Eds.), Pandemic and crisis discourse. Communicating covid-19 and Public Health Strategy (pp. 13-30). Bloomsbury Academic.
- Televisión pública Noticias. (2020, March 20). El presidente Alberto Fernández anunció un aislamiento social desde el 20 hasta el 31 de marzo (President Alberto Fernandez announced a social isolation from 20 to 31 March) (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5o1TwhkN_pM
- horas - TVN Chile. (2020, March 18). Presidente decreta Estado de Catástrofe en Chile por pandemia de coronavirus (President decrees State of Catastrophe in Chile due to coronavirus pandemic) (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WL6uSUrmo2A&t=11s
- Wodak, R. (2021). Crisis communication and crisis management during COVID-19. Global Discourse: An interdisciplinary journal of current affairs, 11(3), 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1332/204378921X16100431230102
- World Health Organization. (@WHO). (2020a, January 4). #China has reported to WHO a cluster of #pneumonia cases —with no deaths— in Wuhan, Hubei Province cn. Investigations are underway to identify the cause of this illness (Tweet). Twitter. https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1213523866703814656?s=20
- World Health Organization. (2020b, March 11). WHO director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 (Press conference). https://www.who.int/es/director-general/ speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-oncovid-19---11-march-2020
- World Health Organization. (2020c, April 27). Archived: WHO Timeline-COVID-19 (Statement). https://www.who.int/es/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19
- Yap, J., Chaudhry, V., Jha, C. K, Mani, S., & Mitra, S. (2020). Are responses to the pandemic inclusive? A rapid virtual audit of COVID-19 press briefings in LMICs. World Development, 136, 105122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105122